Analytical Consideration in Filmmaking

Analytical Consideration in Filmmaking Free Online Research Papers Filmmaking is a collaborative effort with several elements that are worthy of analytical consideration. The success of a film is dependent upon telling a story that is cohesive and interesting through the use of cinematic elements, talented actors, and a host of other factors that affect the films quality. The ability to analyze these elements by the audience can enhance and deepen their viewing experience. Paying attention to the details of a film along with the nuances that occur between actors during their interactions with one another adds further dimension to what would have otherwise been a simple, flat story line. Some of the criteria that a quality film should meet according to the standards of an educated film critic would include believable settings, actors, and dialogue. The film sequences would be cohesive and logical and the costumes would be relevant to the setting and time period. Perhaps there would be a moral to the story, but this is not necessary if the intent of the film is to entertain or frighten. Motivational movies are great; who does not like to be uplifted from time to time? In essence, when analyzing or reviewing a film, there are many elements one should be aware of. Accurate and effective film analysis is dependent upon some knowledge of the film making industry as well as its cinematography aspects. Background knowledge of the movies producer will also aid the film critic in arriving at more accurate conclusions about the films message and purpose. There are many reasons for which films are made. Some films are meant to be entertaining and uplifting, like The Secret Garden (1994) that inspired young girls to trust and explore their nurturing nature. Other films are looking to thrill audiences by frighten their sox off. Alfred Hitchcock was one such director as he produced films like Psycho (1960). Still, there are those who choose their films based upon the message it contains about social, personal, or relational issues. Such films might include Schindler’s List (1993) that dramatically detailed the abuse and uncontested genocide of millions of Jews. Similarly, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest (1975) brought to light the plight of the mentally ill. Because there are many reasons producers make a film, one must be aware of why the movie was made when considering the accuracy of what was portrayed. Whatever the reason one chooses to view a movie, their viewing pleasure can be increased through an education of the filmmaking process. One must also contend with whatever preconceived ideas one has about a film. Whether these ideas originate from its genre, its actors, or even its producer, the ability to develop a more objective attitude towards movies will open the field for broader experiences. â€Å"As students of film, once we have gathered facts, decided what movies to see, and attempted to clear our minds of preconceptions, then what? We should begin to deepen our perceptions† (Boggs Petrie, 2008, p. 17). The more one becomes experienced in analyzing film, the more one can become open to the perceptions and opinions of others. After all, a film is the collaborative expression of the screen writer, producer, actors, as well as the entire film crew. These expressions can be detected within the cinematography and the elements of its visual style. These elements include color, space, focus, depth of field, camera angles, point of view, composition, movement, aspect ratios, lighting, and atmosphere. The quality usage of each of these elements contributes to the overall feel and quality of the film. Color can be used to facilitate atmosphere, harmony, irony, leitmotifs, mood, as well as symbolism and expressionism. In Rebel Without a Cause (1955) the red jacket is used to convey the rebellious nature of Jim (James Dean), the red lipstick that later transitions to pink signifies the way Judy’s (Natalie Wood) father makes her feel like a harlot, and the one red sock worn by ‘Plato’ (Sal Mineo) demonstrates his confusion about relationships. The use of color is and important element used in films as a form of communicating further, deeper meaning to the audience. The portrayal of space, focus, and depth of field enhances the picture quality as well as informative content of what is viewed by the audience. The use of depth of field as well as deep focus by producer Orson Wells in the film Citizen Kane (1941) enhanced several of its scenes. The shot of Kane (Orson Wells) walking down the mirrored hallway allows us to simultaneously view several images emphasizing the irony of the lonely position he now finds himself in. It is the viewer’s awareness of these elements that adds to the meaning and feel of a film. As indicated by Boggs and Petrie, the objective camera simply conveys the actions of the characters without implying emotion or feelings. Other elements that are used in order to more effectively add dimension and meaning to the story are camera angles, point of view, and composition. In Rebel Without a Cause the opening scene is a composition of the films three central characters. Each character is introduced to the audience at the police department as each one has been brought there for unrelated reasons. While the audience is allowed to view more than one of these characters at a time, they are not necessarily aware of one another. This objective point of view indicates the ultimate interconnectedness of these young people. The use of different camera angles can be used to symbolize meanings within shots or scenes. When viewing a scene from a low angle shot the size and importance of the subject can be emphasized (Boggs Petrie, 2008). This visual element helps to enhance the films message through added dimension. After Kane’s electoral defeat in Citizen Kane, the low angle shots help to emphasize his fall from self-perceived importance to lowliness. Camera angles are to cinematographers as body language is to conversationalists. The ability to discern the usage and meaning of movement, aspect ratios, and lighting throughout a films presentation can also add meaning and quality when viewing films. Many directors make great use of movement in their films in order to capture and maintain the attention of its viewers. â€Å"The eye is †¦drawn to an object in motion, and a moving object can divert our attention from a static one† (Boggs Petrie, 2008, p. 135). This element is used in Rebel Without a Cause when Jim (James Dean) exits his position from the bushes when he goes to find ‘Plato’ (Sal Mineo) before the police do. As Jim comes out of the bushes, they continue to shake which keeps our attention focused on the spot into which Judy (Natalie Wood) enters. This was a masterful use of movement within a film. Aspect ratios are utilized when considering what viewable information needs to be presented in order to tell the complete story. Standard screen allows an edited version of the story to be told, thereby focusing the viewers’ attention on the information most pertinent to the scene. Conversely, â€Å"Cinemascope and Panavision can contribute significantly to the effectiveness of horror or suspense films† (Boggs Petrie, p. 93). An informed viewer will notice the black areas above and beneath the picture when Cinemascope is being used. This helps to eliminate the dead screen, allowing the viewer to become more aware of the subject matter in between. Nicholas Ray’s Rebel Without a Cause was filmed using Cinemascope with an aspect ratio of 2.55:1, allowing for more focused, dramatic, and spatial subject content. A wide array of information is available to the viewer, such as the shot of Jim and Judy as they lay in the veranda with ‘Plato’ on the floor at their side. The audience is able to piece together the visual information in order to gain the understanding that Ray intended them to be portrayed as a ‘nuclear’ family. Each of them felt rejected and misunderstood by their own family, creating the idea that they would choose one another as family was facilitated by the use of visual elements. The often tilted camera angle also suggested the confused state these kids were living in. Additionally, the audience must be convinced of the credibility of what they are seeing and these cinematic elements can be effectively used to create the illusion of truth. Another element available for manipulation by filmmakers is the use of lighting. Effective use of lights and lighting within a film can alter, enhance, or change the mood from scene to scene or shot to shot. For instance, during the scene in Rebel Without a Cause when Judy returns home after her boyfriend is killed in ‘chickie run’, the light that is on her is sharp and bright, illustrating her isolation and loneliness when compared to the soft, diffused lighting in her parent’s bedroom. Illustrating a point or mood through manipulation of lighting is an excellent way to add dimension to a film. Constructing the correct atmosphere is essential in achieving a successful film. Nicholas Ray conducted personal research into the lives of teens in order to portray with accuracy the atmosphere in which they lived. The atmosphere that is portrayed in the film is that of confused, lonely kids acting out in rebellion or desperation in order to get the attention they desperately desired from both their parents and one another. This tense and dramatically charged atmosphere is perhaps at times more symbolic of how teens feel towards adults rather than how they behave towards one another. Regardless, Ray’s portrayal of the volatility teens feel is portrayed brilliantly when ‘Plato’ begins his emotional rampage when he believes Jim and Judy have abandoned him like his parents did. This added much to the dramatic element and emotional connotation to the film. The atmospheric presentation in Casablanca (1942) was made memorable with aperture framing through the use of objects and shadows in the composition of many of its shots (Neilson, 2002). These frames served as symbolic meaning as well as elements used to focus the viewers’ attention. The arched doorways in Rick’s (Humphrey Bogart) symbolized both the confinement of some of the patrons as well as foreshadowing the ultimate fate of others. They also served to focus the viewers’ attention on the subject matter within the frames. Along with the cinematic and visual elements of a film, the narrative must be analyzed in order to fully understand what it is the director is attempting to convey. Nicholas Ray makes use of mise-en-scene in Rebel Without a Cause. The story begins in the middle of the action; much of the story has already occurred and the audience is made aware of these events through the dialogue within the police station. Additionally, the theme is revealed as the teens recount their actions. The express need for open, honest communication between teens and their parents is expressed as the current emotional state of the three is made known. Ray’s clever use of expository dialogue here allows the audience to become aware of information needed to understand the actions of the main characters. Although this film has a linear chronology, the narrative through dialogue provides much of the needed background information. The montage of parents calling the police station concerning their children was rather expressive of the fact that sadly, it took drastic measures to evoke their parents concern for them. This was an important element of the film that was perhaps intended to inform parents that their children desire to have a relationship with them. It was the actors in this film that made this desire believable. The skill of the actors is paramount in convincing the audience of the believability of a film. Boggs and Petrie defines action acting as, â€Å"demand[ing] skill in facial reactions and body language, physical strength, and coordination but little subtlety or depth in communicating emotions or thoughts† (2008, p. G-1). While the acting in Rebel Without a Cause was outstanding, it did have its weak moments. During the action scene in which Jim (James Dean) was engaged in a knife fight with Buzz (Corey Allen) was not one of Dean’s most convincing moments. This fact lends credibility to the claim made by Boggs and Petrie that action acting demands the use of well choreographed body language. Moreover, the chemistry between actors adds an extra visually charging element to a film. When Judy approaches Jim before the start of chickie run, the audience could sense the chemistry between these two young, beautiful actors. Romanticism is an element that is not always present between leading actors, but when it is there you know it. While the actor must submit to the director and to the camera, he must have the ability to remain natural and believable. â€Å"Actors must also possess the intelligence, imagination, sensitivity, and insight into human nature necessary to fully understand the characters they play-their inner thoughts, motivations, and emotions† (Boggs Petrie, 2008, p. 320). They must maintain control of their emotions as well as body language while keeping an objective perspective of the role they are playing. Sal Mineo gave a compelling display of acting as â€Å"Plato†. His facial expressions were as audible as his dialogue and body language. One could feel the desperation with which he sought someone to love and be loved. The emotion with which he acted seemed as real as any actor would have been capable of. The scenes in which he played a part were elevated as far as the acting was concerned; the performances of both Dean and Wood were also emotionally charged. Along with the acting and cinematic elements, the use of sound and music are important tools used in the making of quality films. â€Å"The two most general and basic functions of the musical score are to create structural rhythms and to stimulate emotional responses, both of which greatly enhance and reinforce the effect of the image† (Boggs Petrie, p. 292). The musical score for Rebel Without a Cause was written by Leonard Rosenman. An effective musical score maintains an accurate reflection of the films emotional patterns as well as its actions from sequence to sequence. The film begins with orchestral music as James Dean’s character, Jim, is drunk on the ground playing with a toy monkey. Rosenman also makes use of musical scores that were remixed for use in Rebel Without a Cause. Throughout the film, the musical score, as well as sound effects, serve to cue the audience to the magnitude of what is happening or is about to happen. This musical score is not overpowering, but one is certainly aware of its presence. Some have criticized this musical score as being over scored, but many more were well pleased with the effect it had on the feel of the film. In conclusion, film reviewing is not for everyone. Many feel that dissecting the elements of a film detract from the overall enjoyment of it. Others have the opinion that having cinematic knowledge helps one gain even more viewing pleasure from the film they view. While both have valid points, it is important to note that it is the cinematic knowledge that increases the spectrum of movies one would consider viewing by perpetuating a more open minded public. This open mindedness is what allows one to objectively identify and interpret the meaning of cinematic elements. References Boggs, J. M., Petrie, D. W. (2008). The art of watching films (7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Neilson, J. I. (December, 2002). On visual design and staging in Casablanca. Retrieved February 28, 2008, from Point of View Web site: http://pov.imv.au.dk/Issue_14/section_1/artc10A.html Research Papers on Analytical Consideration in FilmmakingWhere Wild and West MeetIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andThree Concepts of PsychodynamicStandardized TestingThe Project Managment Office SystemInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenResearch Process Part OneOpen Architechture a white paper

The History of Human Interactions with Caribou

The History of Human Interactions with Caribou Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus, and known as caribou in North America), were among the last animals domesticated by humans, and some scholars argue that they still arent fully tame. There are currently about 2.5 million domesticated reindeer located in nine countries, and about 100,000 people occupied in tending them. That accounts for about half the total population of reindeer in the world. Social differences between reindeer populations show that domestic reindeer have an earlier breeding season, are smaller and have a less-strong urge to migrate than their wild relatives. While there are multiple subspecies (such as R. t. tarandus and R. t. fennicus), those subcategories include both domestic and wild animals. That is likely the result of continued interbreeding between domesticated and wild animals, and support of scholars contentions that domestication took place relatively recently. Reindeer Key Takeaways Reindeer were first domesticated in eastern Russia between 3000–1000 years agoThere are about 5 million reindeer on our planet, about half are domesticated todayArchaeological evidence shows reindeer were first hunted by humans during the Upper Paleolithic of about 45,000 years agoThe same species are called caribou in North America Why Domesticate a Reindeer? Ethnographic evidence from pastoral peoples of the Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic (such as the Sayan, Nenets, Sami, and Tungus) exploited (and still do) the reindeer for meat, milk, riding, and pack transport. Reindeer saddles used by ethnic Sayan appear to be derived from horse saddles of the Mongolian steppes; those used by Tungus are derived from Turkic cultures on the Altai steppe. Sledges or sleds drawn by draft animals, also have attributes that appear to be adapted from those used with  cattle or horses. These contacts are estimated to have occurred no longer ago than about 1000 BCE. Evidence for the use of sledges has been identified as long ago 8,000 years ago during the Mesolithic in the Baltic Sea basin of northern Europe, but they were not used with reindeer until much later. Studies on reindeer mtDNA completed by Norwegian scholar Knut Rà ¸ed and colleagues identified at least two separate and apparently independent reindeer domestication events, in eastern Russia and Fenno-Scandia (Norway, Sweden, and Finland). Substantial interbreeding of wild and domestic animals in the past obscures DNA differentiation, but even so, the data continue to support at least two or three independent domestication events, probably within the past two or three thousand years. The earliest event was in eastern Russia; evidence for domestication in Fenno-Scandia suggests that domestication may not have occurred there until as late as the Medieval period. Reindeer / Human History Reindeer live in cold climates, and they feed mostly on grass and lichen. During the fall season, their bodies are fat and strong, and their fur is quite thick. The prime time for hunting reindeer, then, would be in the fall, when hunters could collect the best meat, strongest bones and sinews, and thickest fur, to help their families survive the long winters. Archaeological evidence of ancient human predation on reindeer includes amulets, rock art and effigies, reindeer bone and antler, and the remains of mass hunting structures. Reindeer bone and antler and artifacts made from them have been recovered from the French Upper Paleolithic sites of Combe Grenal and Vergisson, suggesting that reindeer were hunted at least as long ago as 45,000 years. Mass Reindeer Hunting Rock art of Alta (UNESCO World Heritage Site), petroglyphs in the Alta Fjord, Norway.   Ã‚  Manuel ROMARIS / Moment / Getty Images Two large mass hunting facilities, similar in design to desert kites, have been recorded in the Varanger peninsula of far northern Norway. These consist of a circular enclosure or pit with a pair of rock lines leading outward in a V–shape arrangement. Hunters would drive the animals into the wide end of the V and then down into the corral, where the reindeer would be slaughtered en masse or kept for a period of time. Rock art panels in the Alta fjord of northern Norway depict such corrals with reindeer and hunters, substantiating the interpretation of the Varanger kites as hunting corrals. Pitfall systems are believed by scholars to have been used beginning in the late Mesolithic (ca. 5000 BCE), and the Alta fjord rock art depictions date to approximately the same time, ~4700–4200 cal  BCE. Evidence for mass kills involving driving reindeer into a lake along two parallel fences built of stone cairns and poles has been found at four sites in southern Norway, used during the second half of the 13th century CE; and mass kills conducted this way are recorded in European history as late as the 17th century. Reindeer Domestication Scholars believe, for the most part, that it is unlikely that humans successfully controlled much of reindeer behavior or affected any morphological changes in reindeer until about 3000 years ago or so. It is unlikely, rather than certain, for a number of reasons, not the least because there is no archaeological site which shows evidence for the domestication of reindeer, at least as yet. If they exist, the sites would be located in the Eurasian Arctic, and there has been little excavation there to date. Genetic changes measured in Finnmark, Norway, were recently documented for 14 reindeer samples, consisting of faunal assemblages from archaeological sites dated between 3400 BCE to 1800 CE. A distinct haplotype shift was identified in the late medieval period, ca. 1500–1800 CE, which is interpreted as evidence of a shift to reindeer pastoralism. Why Werent Reindeer Domesticated Earlier? Why reindeer were domesticated so late is speculation, but some scholars believe that it may relate to the docile nature of reindeer. As wild adults, reindeer are willing to be milked and stay close to human settlements, but at the same time they are also extremely independent, and dont need to be fed or housed by humans. Although some scholars have argued that reindeer were kept as domestic herds by hunter-gatherers beginning the late Pleistocene, a recent study of reindeer bones dated from 130,000 to 10,000 years ago showed no morphological changes in reindeer skeletal material at all over that period. Further, reindeer are still not found outside their native habitats; both of these would be physical marks of domestication. In 2014,  Swedish biologists Anna Skarin and Birgitta Ã…hman reported a study from the reindeers perspective and conclude that human structures- fences and houses and the like- block the reindeers ability to range freely. Simply put, humans make reindeer nervous: and that may very well be why the human–reindeer domestication process is a difficult one. Recent Smi Research Indigenous Smi people began reindeer husbandry by the Medieval period, when the reindeer were used as a food source, but also for traction and carrying loads. They have been interested and actively involved in several recent research projects. Evidence for physical changes in reindeer bones caused by humans using them for load-pulling, carrying and riding has been investigated recently by archaeologists Anna-Kaisa Salmi and Sirpa Niinimki. They examined skeletons of four reindeer reported to have been used for traction, and while they did identify some evidence of patterned skeletal wear and tear, it was not consistent enough to be clear evidence without additional support for the reindeers use as a draft animal.   Norwegian biologist Knut Rà ¸ed and colleagues investigated DNA from 193 reindeer samples from Norway, dated between 1000 and 1700 CE. They identified an influx of new haplotypes in reindeer who died in the 16th and 17th centuries. Rà ¸ed and colleagues believe that likely represents trade in reindeer, as the annual winter Smi trading markets including traders from the south and east into Russia were instituted by then.   Sources Anderson, David G., et al. Landscape Agency and Evenki-Iakut Reindeer Husbandry Along the . Human Ecology 42.2 (2014): 249–66. Print.Zhuia River, Eastern SiberiaBosinski, Gerhard. Remarks on the Grave above Burial 2 at the Sungir Site (Russia). Anthropologie 53.1–2 (2015): 215–19. Print.Ingold, Tim. From the Masters Point of View: Hunting . Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 21.1 (2015): 24–27. Print. IsSacrificeOShea, John, et al. A 9,000-Year-Old Caribou Hunting Structure beneath Lake Huron. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111.19 (2014): 6911–1015. Print.Rautio, Anna-Maria, Torbjà ¶rn Josefsson, and Lars Ãâ€"stlund. Sami Resource Utilization and Site Selection: Historical Harvesting of Inner Bark in Northern Sweden. Human Ecology 42.1 (2014): 137–46. Print.Rà ¸ed, Knut H., Ivar Bjà ¸rklund, and Bjà ¸rnar J. Olsen. From Wild to Domestic Reindeer – Genetic Evidence of a Non-Native Origin of Reindeer Pas toralism in Northern Fennoscandia. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 19 (2018): 279–86. Print. Salmi, Anna-Kaisa, and Sirpa Niinimki. Entheseal Changes and Pathological Lesions in Draught Reindeer Skeletons–Four Case Studies from Present-Day Siberia. International Journal of Paleopathology 14 (2016): 91–99. Print.Skarin, Anna, and Birgitta Ã…hman. Do Human Activity and Infrastructure Disturb Domesticated Reindeer? The Need for the Reindeer’s Perspective. Polar Biology 37.7 (2014): 1041–54. Print.Willerslev, Rane, Piers Vitebsky, and Anatoly Alekseyev. Sacrifice as the Ideal Hunt: A Cosmological Explanation for the Origin of Reindeer Domestication. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 21.1 (2015): 1–23. Print.

Law 2 Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Law 2 - Case Study Example In Australian law, the legal transaction involving selling or buying of property is referred to as ‘conveyancing’ (Civil Law ‘Sale of Residential Property’ Act 2003). This law deals with transfer of property ownership and the process to be followed by buyer and seller. The process is more involved with the buyer than the seller. The seller’s duty is mainly to make sure that the buyer receives good title, ensure any mortgage payout over the property is settled, and making sure the agreement cost is settled. The buyer on his part has to ensure clarity of the title, prepare documents required for the transfer, and organize the funds required for the transaction. For the situation, the buyer (Gary) should sue Sheldon for providing false documents in the contract. He is therefore, entitled to compensation as stated in section 19 of the sale of residential property. Under this section, where it is a requirement that the buyer be compensated if the statements or reports provided as per section 9, are false or misleading or are not prepared with exercise of practical skill and care, and as a result, the buyer is subjected to loss. Gary may also lose the case if it is found that it is through neglect that he got involved in the situation at hand. Gary was supposed to be extremely cautious in getting into the contract by fulfilling some of the most decisive legal requirements that would make Sheldon obligated to him. These would involve him, ensuring that all the special conditions are inserted pertaining the agreement. This would have been best if he hired a solicitor to check the contract before agreeing to sign. Through this, he would have been aware of defects in the contract such as Sheldon’s missing name and signature. It is a requirement by the sale of property in NSW, for any deposit made to be held by the seller’s agent or solicitor. The deposit is protected by legislation in the hands of solicitor or agent from any form of misuse. The

Proposal designs Seminar Unit 8 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Proposal designs Seminar Unit 8 - Research Paper Example Submitting an inaccurate budget in your proposal packet may mean that the organisation has poor financial management practices or there were inaccuracies when writing the budget. The two main consequences that may result due to these inaccuracies are that the whole proposal may be reviewed negatively and thus the grant denied or the proposal may be sent back to the grantee for corrections on the budget. The consequence here will depend on the materiality of the inaccuracies (Karsh & Fox, 2009). Funders like to imagine that they are funding a proposal that will be able to carry on its activities into the future with or without their help. It is therefore important to show how the program will sustain itself after the grant as this shows the funder that their grant will be of future benefit. A sustainable project will show the funder the need for initial funding and this will influence their decision in a positive way (Karsh & Fox,

Echelon: Considerations with International Communications Monitoring :: Technology

Echelon: Considerations with International Communications Monitoring Introduction Since the invention of radio, intelligence-gathering organizations have been developing and using eavesdropping techniques to intercept and review wireless communications. Initially, these capabilities were solely used to spy on hostile nations, and particularly for military purposes. Human operators had to manually review each transmission, and cryptanalysts pored over military ciphers in an attempt to decode important messages. As wireless communication has become an integral part of commercial and individual existence, and potential threats to security are increasingly found in peacetime and on home ground, the scope of this intelligence gathering has likewise broadened. One of the most controversial eavesdropping systems in existence is a classified project known as ‘Echelon.’ Its use of computer hardware and software to filter communications from all over the world brings up many ethical issues related to the impact of computers on privacy. Overview of Echelon Most of the evidence for Echelon is circumstantial, though a few facts have been established. The participating organizations (notably the US Central Intelligence Agency and National Security Agency) have neither confirmed nor denied its existence. In lieu of a discussion of the ethical issues, a brief summary of the current knowledge follows. How it Works Echelon is the product of Cold War efforts to monitor wireless communications in the USSR. It traces its roots back to the clandestine UKUSA alliance, a communications intelligence agreement that dates back from around 1947. Member nations include the US, Great Britain, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. It is now known that the system has been in existence for at least 20 years.[1] In the past, high frequency radio listening posts were also used to listen to radio communications. Currently, the system is composed of a series of eavesdropping satellites, ground listening stations, and supercomputers that intercept and sift through telecommunications satellite broadcasts. These broadcasts include faxes, phone calls, and web traffic- especially those dispatched over long distances.[2] The term Echelon has never actually been mentioned by officials, but is believed to represent the computer system that manages the data gathered by the network.[3] The computers are used to store and ana lyze text data for key words, and to review telephone conversations for unique ‘voiceprints’ or the phone numbers of persons under surveillance.[4] This makes it possible to filter an enormous amount of traffic, since human analysts review only relevant messages. The US National Security Agency (NSA) is widely considered to be both the originator and head of the project, and likely owns and operates the major computer facilities for Echelon. Echelon: Considerations with International Communications Monitoring :: Technology Echelon: Considerations with International Communications Monitoring Introduction Since the invention of radio, intelligence-gathering organizations have been developing and using eavesdropping techniques to intercept and review wireless communications. Initially, these capabilities were solely used to spy on hostile nations, and particularly for military purposes. Human operators had to manually review each transmission, and cryptanalysts pored over military ciphers in an attempt to decode important messages. As wireless communication has become an integral part of commercial and individual existence, and potential threats to security are increasingly found in peacetime and on home ground, the scope of this intelligence gathering has likewise broadened. One of the most controversial eavesdropping systems in existence is a classified project known as ‘Echelon.’ Its use of computer hardware and software to filter communications from all over the world brings up many ethical issues related to the impact of computers on privacy. Overview of Echelon Most of the evidence for Echelon is circumstantial, though a few facts have been established. The participating organizations (notably the US Central Intelligence Agency and National Security Agency) have neither confirmed nor denied its existence. In lieu of a discussion of the ethical issues, a brief summary of the current knowledge follows. How it Works Echelon is the product of Cold War efforts to monitor wireless communications in the USSR. It traces its roots back to the clandestine UKUSA alliance, a communications intelligence agreement that dates back from around 1947. Member nations include the US, Great Britain, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. It is now known that the system has been in existence for at least 20 years.[1] In the past, high frequency radio listening posts were also used to listen to radio communications. Currently, the system is composed of a series of eavesdropping satellites, ground listening stations, and supercomputers that intercept and sift through telecommunications satellite broadcasts. These broadcasts include faxes, phone calls, and web traffic- especially those dispatched over long distances.[2] The term Echelon has never actually been mentioned by officials, but is believed to represent the computer system that manages the data gathered by the network.[3] The computers are used to store and ana lyze text data for key words, and to review telephone conversations for unique ‘voiceprints’ or the phone numbers of persons under surveillance.[4] This makes it possible to filter an enormous amount of traffic, since human analysts review only relevant messages. The US National Security Agency (NSA) is widely considered to be both the originator and head of the project, and likely owns and operates the major computer facilities for Echelon.

Position of the leader Essay

In every team endeavor someone formally or informally takes the position of the leader. A leader keeps track of all the team activities and has a deciding effect on the workings of the team. He has to care not only about the work but also its speed of execution. As team is composed of people, this means he has to get the work done with the people and as always observed; people work when they have some motivation to do so. Motivation is the key to how people react to a particular work or situation. A good leader very well knows what is the motivation behind each of his team member’s work and uses it for the maximum benefit of the team. Some of my motivations are holidays and spending time on my hobbies. I am also motivated by being a part of process of some positive change and also if I get chance to work with small, relaxed, honest people. These form the major crunch of my motivation. I believe that things that motivate me will very well motivate others also. I find the theory Y approach1 useful. In it the workers are assumed to be happy with their job and use their creativity and imagination to make decision and to solve problems. These set of people will tackle problem themselves as far as possible and remain satisfied with their work because this gives them opportunity to do the work as they like. Of course, some people fall in the theory X category, I prefer to throw out such people and if that’s not possible try to turn them to Y side. Also I find the ‘Maslow’s hierarchy of needs’2 quite useful. He mentions that everyone is motivated by his needs but once his needs are met, He isn’t satisfied instead it is taken over by another higher need. A leader has to take care of the needs of where his people are in this hierarchy. References: 1 Douglas McGregor (1960). ‘The Human Side of Enterprise’. McGraw Hill 2 ‘A Theory of Human Motivation’ Psychological Review 50, pp 370-396

The Costs Of Prescription Drugs Essay - 2312 Words

Skyrocket costs of Prescription Drugs Prescription drugs all around are very expensive, but without out them some of us would not be able to say we are alive. We can still see the price of these prescription drugs go through the roof as we speak. Although most of low-income workers can barely afford medicine and drugs, one way or another, we make it work because without it we would be dead. Although having insurance covers a lot of our medical health expenses, such as medical bills, prescription bills, hospital bills and things of this nature. As the cost of prescriptions keep going up, sometimes our insurance companies cannot cover the cost because they have hit their Cap of money able to spend. Some insurance companies have Cap for a person or a cap for a whole family it can be yearly or annually it just depends on the â€Å"deal† you worked out with your insurance provider. Most families, like my own make due to cover the cost of having insurance, yet we have to still be ab le to cover what remains of the prescription cost if we want to live. Money sometimes is very tight and meeting these necessary financial situations get tough. My family consists of my mom, dad, two brothers, two sisters and myself. Both of our parents have diabetes and need medication to control it. My dad has to take even more medication because of his kidney transplant. They have their oldest (my twin sister, and myself) both going to college, a big expense. At the same time, they have to take care ofShow MoreRelatedHigh Costs Of Prescription Drugs1552 Words   |  7 PagesAre You Actually Paying For? A Critical Review of the High Costs of Prescription Drugs in America By: William A. 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